ECONOMICS

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62204/2336-498X-2023-2-1

INNOVATIVE LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Valentyna Aranchiy,

Ph.D. in Economics, Professor,

Poltava State Agrarian University, Ukraine,

valentyna.aranchii@pdau.edu.ua; ORCID: 0000-0002-7391-2882

Annotation. Modern approaches to the organization of innovative land management in the context of the concept of sustainable development are considered. Current trends in the development of land management and the mechanism for strengthening its potential are updated. The author’s vision of the management of land resources in Ukraine in the period of crises and bifurcations, post-war recovery of the agro-food sector and rural areas is presented.

Keywords: innovations, land management, sustainable development, mechanism, potential.

Formulation of the problem. The concept of the long-term development of agricultural land use is a comprehensive and rather in-depth consideration of land use over a certain period, the production state of the agricultural sector of the economy and the forecast of its development in the distant future. In Ukraine, a significant amount of legislative and executive administrative work has been carried out, in particular, regulatory and legal acts on reforming land relations have been adopted. The main goal in the concept of prospective land use is the development of local and regional programs for the development of rural areas, which will include issues of land resource management with the aspect of achieving minimization of conflict situations in land use.

Analysis of recent research and publications. We believe that the conceptual provisions should include a list of quite specific issues, in particular, ways and means of solving existing problems in the agrarian sector of the economy, the implementation of social standards and norms in rural areas, the development of entrepreneurial activity, transport connections and communication on villages, improvement of engineering infrastructure; development of housing construction and communal services, education and medical care, traditional culture of certain regions of Ukraine. A systematic approach to conceptual provisions also involves improving household services for the rural population, trade; creation of conditions to encourage young people to work in rural areas; state support for the development of depressed rural areas, financial support for measures for the development of the social sphere. In addition, it is necessary to solve the issue of food security and food independence of the country; land management and state land cadastre; protection and improvement of soil fertility, greening of agricultural production; improvement of the land monitoring system [1-10]. These issues require systematic research.

Setting the purpose and objectives of the study – to investigate innovative land management in the context of the concept of sustainable development.

The main research material. The considered concept also includes such important aspects as further land reclamation; formation of the agricultural land market, development of material and technical resources and services for the village, infrastructure of the agricultural market and its state regulation; support of agricultural producers. In addition, the core of the concept, taking into account the conditions of globalization, is “overgrown” by such processes as the formation of the agro-economic image of Ukraine in the world environment, the further development of organizational and legal forms of management and foreign economic activity; financial support of the agricultural sector, investment and innovation model of its development; improvement of the system and mechanism of taxation in agriculture, reform of the management system for the agrarian sector of the economy; further development of professional education, agrarian science, counseling and a number of other points regarding the systemic view on the formation of the concept regarding prospective land use [8].

The basis of the conceptual provisions of prospective land use in the conditions of globalization is the provision of information about the land fund with an analysis of the quality of the soil and the economic and ecological assessment of the land, the state of reforming land relations with data on the distribution of land by landowners and land users and branches of agriculture, as well as the level of their land security; possible qualitative and quantitative changes in land use.

A systematic approach to solving socio-economic and environmental problems of reforming land relations, formation and regulation of the land market, determination of the market price for land. By documenting the facts of violation of ecologically safe land use in order for agricultural producers to obtain the maximum economic profit from a plot of land, for example, violation of agricultural technology, depletion of the soil due to a decrease in the application of organic fertilizers, an increase in the sown area of soil-depleting crops, in particular, sunflower, the state can act as the initiator of the termination of lease agreements.

Today, the global economy shows a trend of a very significant increase in demand for agricultural products, and accordingly, an increase in the value of land resources. In a logical sequence, the problem of ensuring environmental safety of agricultural production appears. The arable land of Ukraine includes more than 9 million hectares of acidic and 2.8 million hectares of saline soils. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve a high level of agricultural productivity without large-scale chemical reclamation works. To increase the fertility of such soils, it is necessary to lime 1.9 million hectares and plaster 0.5 million hectares annually. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to have funds for financing chemical land reclamation. In addition, in the system of the agro-industrial complex, one should create its own industry for the production of chemical meliorants based on the construction of shops for the processing of local carbonate rocks [4].

The land is also polluted by harmful emissions from industrial and energy enterprises, transport, agrochemicals, and municipal waste. Soils are destroyed by mining enterprises, filled with dumps, etc. These circumstances lead to an unsatisfactory ecological condition of both the land fund and the surrounding natural environment. In general, the degradation of agricultural lands has taken on a threatening nature for food security, which, in addition to our country, affects the economic, ecological and social situation in other countries as well.

The need for biologicalization of agriculture arose due to the fact that the existing volumes of traditional organic fertilizers in Ukraine are not enough and agriculture has been working on declining fertility for centuries. It is advisable to apply the following measures in order to expand the reproduction of the soil fertility of Ukrainian enterprises. First of all, you can use opportunities aimed at finding reserves of additional organic fertilizers. The most realistic of them are the use of the non-marketable part of the harvest, in particular, straw, stalks, chaff, products of bioconversion of organic waste, as well as the earning of crops of cider crops. In addition, there are measures that increase the humification rate of organic fertilizers, in particular, observing the proper depth and method of applying fertilizers to the soil and creating an optimal reaction of the soil environment for humification. Scientific studies show that the highest humification coefficient was observed when organic fertilizers were applied to the top layer of the soil to a depth of up to 10 cm and the reaction of the soil solution was close to neutral. There are measures that support the optimal ratio between organic and mineral fertilizers. It should be noted that when more than 15 kg of the active substance of mineral fertilizers are applied to one ton of manure, dehumification of soils and their agrophysical degradation begins. This ratio between organic and mineral fertilizers was found empirically on the basis of systematic observations and was called the biologization coefficient of agriculture [1].

It should be noted that there is a direct relationship between the biologization coefficients of agriculture and the humification of organic fertilizers, i.e. the higher the biologization coefficient, the higher the humification coefficient of organic fertilizers and the faster the expanded reproduction of humus and potential soil fertility is achieved. At the beginning of the 20th century, biologization rates were very high in our country, but crop yields were very low. According to statistical data, peasant farms of that time harvested 5-7 t/ha of grain on chernozem soils, because they applied little organic fertilizers and did not apply mineral fertilizers at all. It was biological agriculture, but at a very low level of development [3].

Organic farming involves, first of all, an increase in the level of its biologization due to the optimal ratio between organic and mineral fertilizers. In addition, weather and climate conditions, types of soils that prevail in this agricultural enterprise, as well as the existing balance of humus should be taken into account. In this regard, agrochemical certification of fields at an enterprise that intends to switch to organic farming should be considered as the very first and mandatory step to improving soil quality. Composts are considered the best soil support when introducing organic farming. Nutrients are contained in them in the most favorable form for agricultural plants. Composts are prepared from various plants, in particular, yarrow, nettle, chamomile, oak bark, valerian, etc. Thanks to microflora and vermibiota, i.e. worms, compost is a kind of concentrate of soil life, a kind of leaven that activates life processes in the soil. The soil, fertilized with compost, provides all the opportunities for the growth of healthy, full-fledged agricultural plants. Composting should be carried out using special biodynamic preparations. The introduction of mineral fertilizers has a significant drawback – it deprives plants of the ability to regulate the supply of nutrients themselves. Mineral fertilizers oversaturate and stimulate increased growth of the vegetative mass of plants. Overgrown leaves and stems, as well as large fruits become poison for consumers of agricultural products, a place of accumulation of pests and diseases, and are also poorly stored [7].

Conceptual provisions of prospective land use in the conditions of globalization provide for the issue of correct rotation of agricultural crops. As you know, some crops deplete the soil, while others enrich it. As a result, it is necessary to pay special attention to the neighborhood of agricultural plants, the presence of soil microorganisms, conducting correct crop rotations, as well as randomized, i.e. alternating plantings. With skillful selection and rotation of agricultural crops, there is a rational and natural use of nutrients in the soil, protection of cultivated plants from many risks is ensured. Biodynamic preparations are an important component of organic farming. Biodynamic drugs are complex natural substances. They are prepared from natural products and used to increase the sensitivity of agricultural plants and soil organisms.

Biodynamic drugs are a kind of stimulants of organic origin. The soil is sprayed with biodynamic preparations before or after sowing seeds or planting agricultural plants. Biodynamic preparations are used to activate the growth of roots and vital activity of soil organisms and to spray the leaves of agricultural plants in order to improve the quality of the grown products. Biodynamic drugs do not increase the yield, but they improve its quality, protect plants from various diseases and pests, and extend the shelf life of agricultural products. Biodynamic drugs are used in homeopathic, that is, very small doses. For the purpose of their preparation, natural, vegetable and animal materials are used together. Therefore, the concept of sustainable land use requires a change in the traditional practice of applying nutrients to the soil. Composts and biodynamic preparations become a priority in improving soil quality [6].

The conceptual provisions of prospective land use in the conditions of globalization also envisage the use of microbiological preparations in organic farming. Microbiological preparations play a major role in the process of forming crop yields. Bacteria that inhabit the roots of plants, form the so-called rhizosphere, are mediators between the soil and agricultural crops. Microorganisms, which have already been proven by science, are responsible for the transformation of a number of complex compounds into simple and accessible ones for plant nutrition. In the biological system “soil – microorganisms – agricultural crops”, soil microorganisms are an irreplaceable and integral component. Each agricultural plant, surrounded by a complete set of microorganisms, receives the necessary root nutrition. Thus, it realizes its genetic potential in terms of productivity [2].

Today, certain microorganisms, which have always been considered indicators of fertility, are on the verge of extinction. In this case, the young roots are inhabited by atypical microorganisms that compete with agricultural crops for nutrients. As a result, even with sufficient mineral nutrition, agricultural crops do not provide a full harvest.

Globalization through external demand gives rise to another phenomenon in agriculture – introduction. Introduction refers to the process of transferring to a certain area such species and varieties of plants that were not previously grown here. It should be noted that during the introduction similar conditions are created. To be specific, such agricultural crops as soybeans, ginseng roots, goat’s milk, Chinese lemon tree, when grown in their traditional soil and climatic conditions, form an active nitrogenfixing symbiosis with nodule bacteria, forming morphologically pronounced structures on the roots, in which the Nitrogen release coming from the atmosphere. In case of cultivation of these agricultural crops in new territories without carrying out pre-sowing bacteriization, it is impossible to ensure their nitrogen nutrition due to the so-called “biological” nitrogen. The absence of the necessary nitrogen-fixing bacteria in such conditions reduces the value of these agricultural crops as nitrogen accumulators to the level of nitrogen-consuming plants. As a result, there is a need to use agricultural techniques aimed at increasing the number of agronomically valuable microorganisms in soils [5].

Inoculation involves the process of applying seeds of bacteria and fungi to the surface in the form of a preparation of microbiological origin. Thus, pre-sowing inoculation is a fairly significant agrotechnical method of growing agricultural crops in relation to the concept of prospective land use. Conceptual provisions in this case reflect the achieved level of scientific and technical progress, which finds its direct practical application in agronomy, agriculture, crop production, that is, in prospective land use in relation to the conditions of globalization of the economic development of enterprises of our country [7].

It is necessary to imagine well that during the application of microbiological preparations of soil fertilizing action, it is necessary to take into account that each of them is created on the basis of microorganisms specific to a certain type of agricultural plants. In this regard, the effectiveness of a specific biological preparation for a certain plant does not guarantee the same effect when applied to another plant. Unlike preparations of physiological action, i.e. plant growth stimulators, trace elements, etc., microbiological preparations are used for pre-sowing or pre-sowing treatment of seed material. The use of drugs during the growing season will not harm the plants, but will not provide an effect either. The introduced microorganism occupies up to 99 percent of the microbial pool of seed epiphytes. And in this case, a beneficial microorganism has every chance to win in the competition with other soil microorganisms and form a full-fledged micro-community association or symbiosis. It should be noted that during the application of drugs during the growing season of agricultural plants, the beneficial microorganism needs to take over the already occupied niche. At the same time, the ratio between the introduced microorganism and the indigenous microflora will not be in favor of the introducer. In order for a useful microorganism to be able to penetrate through the formed bacterial “barrier” in the environment of agricultural crops and occupy a dominant position, it is necessary to apply hundreds of times larger doses of drugs than for pre-sowing inoculation [3; 11-13].

Creation of optimal conditions for the growth and development of agricultural crops is an integral condition of biological preparations in the field of soil fertilization. Scientific studies have established that bacteriization cannot completely replace fertilizers. It should be emphasized that the effectiveness of pre-sowing inoculation increases against the background of low doses of fertilizers. This circumstance is explained primarily by the fact that in the initial period of the development of agricultural plants, they cannot yet form a full-fledged active symbiosis or association with microorganisms, therefore it is advisable to ensure a known level of soil fertilization. The higher efficiency of bacteriization when providing agricultural plants with NPK from organic fertilizers is also explained by the significant influence of microorganisms on the assimilation coefficients of organic and mineral fertilizers. For example, in the case of the use of biological preparations, it is recommended to reduce the doses of organic fertilizers by an average of 40% [8].

The conceptual provisions of prospective land use in relation to the conditions of globalization assume that to protect plants from pests and diseases, biological preparations should be widely used, the basis of which are living, existing in nature, cultures of microorganisms or their metabolites, which is safe for the environment, in particular, for agricultural land, human, animal, etc. In organic farming, it is recommended to use such types of biological preparations as viral, fungal and bacterial preparations. In contrast to chemical insecticides and fungicides, i.e. directed against insects and diseases with general exterminating properties, the effect of biological preparations is selectively aimed at reducing the number of harmful species and maintaining their number at a safe level [10].

Biological preparations are environmentally safe, not harmful to the soil, people, animals, etc. The general advantage of biological agents is that they do not accumulate in agricultural, or more precisely, plant products. These circumstances make it possible to obtain clean, especially suitable products for baby food. First of all, biological preparations should be used to protect vegetable and fruit crops in open and protected soil, the products of which are used fresh. An average of 275 types of weeds are found in crops. They are dangerous not only in their variety, but also in their ability to reach a fairly significant number in a short period of time. As a result, the development of agricultural crops is suppressed, which leads to a significant decrease in their productivity. In organic farming, the main method of weed control is their mechanical destruction [1].

The concept of perspective land use, of course, takes into account all the features of weed control, including advanced agrotechnical and other methods of weed destruction, as well as the use of a wide range of achievements of scientific and technical progress in these matters.

Conclusions. Thus, the concept of prospective development of agricultural land use is an analysis of the relationship between people and nature with a forecast of future development. In an effort to satisfy their numerous needs, people increasingly begin to exploit the ecological system, using the most advanced, modern means of influencing the ecosystem and biosphere with clearly negative consequences for nature and the environment. In order to ensure an increase in the yield of agricultural crops, enterprises, that is, agricultural producers, conduct a whole system of agronomic measures and bring negative changes to the qualitative indicators of land resources, which lead, first of all, to their pollution.

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